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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Automated Microbial Diagnostics01:24

Automated Microbial Diagnostics

Automated diagnostic analyzers have transformed clinical microbiology by providing rapid and reliable methods for pathogen identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Among these systems, the Vitek 2 is widely used because it automates the traditionally labor-intensive processes of microbial identification (ID) and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST), delivering standardized and timely results that are essential for effective patient care.Microbial Identification with ID CardsThe...
Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Fabrication of Pulsatile Polymeric Microparticles Encapsulating Rabies Antigen
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Vaccination Schedules Recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: From Human-Readable to

Xia Jing1, Hua Min2, Yang Gong3

  • 1Department of Public Health, College of Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.

Vaccines
|May 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

We developed machine-processable clinical decision support system (CDSS) rules for immunization schedules. These reusable rules, shared publicly, aid health IT and informatics communities.

Keywords:
CDSS rulesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)clinical decision support systems (CDSS)clinical quality language (CQL)machine-processablevaccination rulesvaccination schedules

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Informatics
  • Health IT
  • Clinical Decision Support Systems

Background:

  • Achieving reusable, machine-processable clinical decision support system (CDSS) rules remains a challenge in medical informatics.
  • This study details the conversion of the 2022 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) immunization schedules into machine-processable CDSS rules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To convert CDC immunization schedules into machine-processable CDSS rules.
  • To create reusable and shareable immunization recommendation rules for the health IT industry and medical informatics community.

Main Methods:

  • Vaccination schedules were converted into tabular, chart, MS Excel, and Clinical Quality Language (CQL) formats.
  • CQL format was utilized as it can be automatically converted to a machine-processable format.
  • Results underwent review, verification, and testing, including syntax and logic checks with HL7 FHIR resources.

Main Results:

  • Developed 465 rules for 19 vaccines across 13 categories.
  • Rules are publicly available via GitHub in multiple formats.
  • Validated rules through cross-review, cross-checking, and testing with hypothetical patient data.

Conclusions:

  • The created CDSS rules contribute to informatics communities, reducing redundant efforts, especially in resource-limited settings.
  • Publicly shared rules support health and biomedical informatics education and training.
  • Accurate conversion requires careful attention and multiple verification layers, despite the clarity of CDC recommendations.