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Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD
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Recent Trends in Medication Treatment for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Haiden A Huskamp1, Alisa B Busch1, Richard G Frank1

  • 1Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Huskamp, Busch); McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (Busch); Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. (Frank).

Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.)
|May 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication fills rose significantly between 2019 and 2023. Nonstimulant prescriptions increased sharply, likely due to stimulant shortages impacting ADHD treatment access.

Keywords:
attention-deficit hyperactivity disordermedication treatmentpharmacotherapytelemedicine

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Public Health
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis and stimulant use have risen, especially in adults.
  • Telehealth expansion and stimulant medication shortages have influenced ADHD treatment patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare stimulant and nonstimulant ADHD medication fill rates between 2019 and 2023.
  • To inform policy regarding ADHD pharmacotherapy prescribing practices.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized national all-payer prescription claims data from 2019 and 2023.
  • Calculated fill rates for stimulant and nonstimulant ADHD medications.
  • Analyzed data by patient age and prescriber specialty.

Main Results:

  • Total ADHD medication fills increased by 23.8% from 2019 to 2023.
  • Nonstimulant fills rose by 60.1%, outpacing the 20.4% increase in stimulant fills.
  • Adults showed increased fills for both medication types, while pediatric stimulant fills decreased by 6.5%.

Conclusions:

  • ADHD medication fills increased substantially between 2019 and 2023.
  • A significant rise in nonstimulant fills occurred, despite them not being first-line treatment.
  • Stimulant shortages likely contributed to the increased use of nonstimulant ADHD medications.