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3D-Printed Cellulose Aerogels Minimally Cross-Linked with Polyurea: A Robust Strategy for Tissue Engineering.

Ana Iglesias-Mejuto1,2, Grigorios Raptopoulos3, Nanthilde Malandain2

  • 1AerogelsLab, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de CompostelaE-15782, Spain.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|May 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed stable, water-absorbent cellulose aerogels using X-aerogel technology and polyurea cross-linking for tissue engineering. These biocompatible scaffolds show promise for regenerative medicine applications.

Keywords:
3D printingX-aerogelsaerogelscellulosemethylcellulosepolyureatissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Cellulose derivatives offer biocompatibility and biodegradability for biomedical uses.
  • Aerogel scaffolds are crucial in regenerative medicine for tissue support.
  • Three-dimensional (3D) printing enables fabrication of complex aerogel structures for tissue engineering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply X-aerogel technology via polyurea cross-linking to 3D-printed cellulose structures.
  • To enhance the stability and properties of methylcellulose (MC) and MC doped with bacterial cellulose nanofiber (MCBCf) aerogels.
  • To evaluate the potential of these modified aerogels as tissue engineering scaffolds.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of 3D-printed MC and MCBCf gels.
  • Cross-linking with aliphatic polyurea followed by supercritical drying to form X-MC and X-MCBCf aerogels.
  • Characterization using ATR-FTIR, XPS, ToF-SIMS, N2 porosimetry, He pycnometry, SEM, and biological evaluations (in vitro, in ovo, in vivo).

Main Results:

  • Polyurea formation confirmed, reinforcing the structure and improving mechanical properties without altering morphology.
  • X-MC and X-MCBCf aerogels exhibited long-term stability in water and high water absorption capacity (1800% w/w in 2 h).
  • Preliminary biological tests indicated good cell compatibility, blood compatibility, and safety.

Conclusions:

  • Minimal polyurea cross-linking significantly enhances the stability of cellulose aerogels in physiological environments.
  • The developed X-MC and X-MCBCf aerogels are stable, highly water-absorbent, and biocompatible.
  • These sustainable aerogels show significant promise as advanced materials for tissue engineering scaffolds.