Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

4.5K
Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
4.5K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

18.1K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
18.1K
Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

2.2K
Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
Sigmatropic shifts are classified based on an order term [i, j ], where i and j indicate the number of atoms across which each end of the σ bond migrates. Below are examples of a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in...
2.2K
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

20.4K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
20.4K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

18.8K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
18.8K
States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

States of Matter and Phase Changes

1.3K
The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
1.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Development and comparative study of a hydrophilic bis-triazolyl-phenanthroline ligand and two bis-triazolyl-pyridine ligands.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2026
Same author

Enhanced model inversion via frequency disentanglement and latent space optimization.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

Efficient lightweight privacy data anomaly detection solution with robust aggregation.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

Covalent halogenation of polyethylene glycol-based flame-retardant phase change materials for safe energy storage.

iScience·2025
Same author

Creation of colorless transparent tilapia using CRISPR/Cas9 mediated multi-gene mutation.

New biotechnology·2025
Same author

Comparative efficacy of mind-body exercise for pain, function, quality of life in knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
05:33

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

21.8K

Intrinsic Flame-Retardant Solid-Solid Organic Phase Change Materials for High-Security Thermal Management.

Guangyuan Liang1, Xiao Zhang1, Jiateng Zhao1

  • 1School of Low-carbon Energy and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|May 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel, intrinsically flame-retardant organic phase change material (PCM) synthesized via a simple multicomponent reaction. This breakthrough addresses liquid leakage and flammability, enhancing safety for thermal management applications.

Keywords:
battery thermal managementcrystalline‐to‐amorphousflame retardancymulti‐component reactionsolid–solid phase change materials

More Related Videos

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

69.2K
High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
06:24

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

Published on: October 31, 2019

6.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 20, 2025

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
05:33

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

21.8K
From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

69.2K
High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
06:24

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

Published on: October 31, 2019

6.5K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Organic phase change materials (PCMs) offer excellent thermal management potential but suffer from liquid leakage and flammability.
  • Addressing these limitations is crucial for their widespread practical application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an intrinsically flame-retardant solid-solid organic phase change material (PCM).
  • To investigate the synthesis strategy and the underlying mechanism of the crystal-to-amorphous transition.
  • To demonstrate the material's efficacy in high-security thermal management applications.

Main Methods:

  • Facile multicomponent reaction (MCR) using dimethyl phosphite, benzaldehyde, and alcohol.
  • Experimental characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to analyze the crystal-to-amorphous transition.
  • Demonstration of thermal management in wooden furniture and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized intrinsically flame-retardant solid-solid organic PCMs with enhanced intermolecular interactions due to phosphine oxygen bonds.
  • The phosphine oxygen bond provides robust flame retardancy by forming phosphates.
  • The crystal-to-amorphous transition mechanism was elucidated by varying alcohol chain length.
  • Demonstrated prolonged safe working time of LIBs by almost 100 times.

Conclusions:

  • The developed MCR strategy offers a facile and versatile approach for synthesizing diverse, high-security organic PCMs.
  • The novel PCMs effectively mitigate flammability and leakage issues, enabling safe thermal management in sensitive applications like LIBs and furniture.