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Peer Preference and Executive Functioning Development: Longitudinal Relations Among Females With and Without ADHD.
Patricia A Porter1, Yuchen Zhao2, Stephen P Hinshaw3,4
1Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1650, USA. porterp@berkeley.edu.
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology
|May 28, 2025
Summary
Childhood peer rejection is linked to poorer executive functioning (EF) development, especially in response inhibition, in girls with and without ADHD. Peer preference significantly impacts EF growth over 16 years.
Area of Science:
- Child Psychology
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Cognitive Neuroscience
Background:
- Peer problems are common in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
- The influence of peer relationships on the development of executive functioning (EF) is not well understood.
- Executive functioning skills include response inhibition, working memory, and global EF.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the relationship between childhood peer preference and the development of EF skills from childhood to early adulthood.
- To examine if peer preference predicts changes in EF over time.
- To explore these associations in a diverse sample of girls with ADHD and neurotypical girls.
Main Methods:
- Longitudinal study following 140 girls with ADHD and 88 neurotypical girls from childhood (ages 6-12) to early adulthood (16 years).
- Peer preference assessed using sociometric interviews; EF skills measured via neuropsychological tests at multiple time points.
- Multilevel modeling used to analyze the predictive relation between peer preference and EF development, controlling for ADHD status, IQ, and SES.
Main Results:
- Lower childhood peer preference was associated with poorer global EF development across the lifespan.
- Childhood peer preference predicted significantly less improvement in response inhibition from childhood to adulthood.
- Peer rejection, rather than peer acceptance, was the primary driver of these findings. ADHD status also related to lower EF but not EF growth.
Conclusions:
- Childhood peer preference, particularly peer rejection, plays a significant role in the developmental trajectory of executive functioning, especially response inhibition.
- These findings underscore the importance of social relationships in neurodevelopment and suggest potential targets for intervention.
- Understanding the impact of peer interactions on EF development is crucial for supporting children with and without ADHD.
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