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Related Concept Videos

Stereoisomerism02:52

Stereoisomerism

11.8K
Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
11.8K
Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

19.1K
Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...
19.1K
Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

2.9K
The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the...
2.9K
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

8.5K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
8.5K
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

484
In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
484
Disubstituted Cyclohexanes: cis-trans Isomerism02:37

Disubstituted Cyclohexanes: cis-trans Isomerism

11.8K
Depending upon the different spatial orientation of the substituents, the disubstituted cycloalkanes exhibit two types of stereoisomers. The cis isomers have the substituents on the same side of the ring, whereas the trans isomers have the substituents on the opposite sides. These stereoisomers exhibit different physical properties and cannot be interconverted without breaking the carbon-carbon bonds.
In cyclohexane, the substituents can occupy different positions generating distinct isomers....
11.8K

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Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents
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Excited-State Cis and Trans Pt(IV) Diamine Anticancer Complexes.

Huayun Shi1,2, Jana Kasparkova3,4, Fortuna Ponte5

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.

Inorganic Chemistry
|May 28, 2025
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Summary

New platinum complexes show promise as photochemotherapeutic anticancer drugs. The all-trans isomer is selectively activated by light to kill bladder cancer cells, with DNA not being the primary target.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Photochemistry

Background:

  • Classical platinum(II) anticancer drugs like cisplatin rely on specific structures for activity.
  • Existing platinum complexes and prodrugs demonstrate the potential of platinum in cancer therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the chemical and biological activities of isomeric photoactivatable platinum complexes.
  • To compare the photocytotoxicity and mechanisms of action of cis,trans,cis- and all-trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(MNZ)2] isomers.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of isomeric platinum complexes.
  • Evaluation of cytotoxicity in bladder cancer cells under visible light and hypoxia.
  • DNA interstrand cross-linking assays and studies with nucleotide-excision-repair deficient cells.
  • Time-dependent Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to explore photoactivation pathways.

Main Results:

  • Both isomers are nontoxic in the ground state, but the all-trans isomer exhibits significant photocytotoxicity.
  • The all-trans isomer is selectively activated by visible light, particularly under hypoxic conditions.
  • Unlike cisplatin, DNA is not the primary target; the all-trans isomer binds to DNA, RNA, and proteins.
  • Photoactivation of the all-trans isomer involves rapid azidyl radical generation and retention of metronidazole ligands.
  • Increased accumulation in cancer cells, induction of apoptosis, and mitochondrial damage were observed for the all-trans isomer.

Conclusions:

  • The all-trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(MNZ)2] complex is a promising candidate for photochemotherapy.
  • Its unique photoactivation mechanism and non-DNA-centric targeting offer new avenues for cancer drug design.
  • Further research into these photoactivatable platinum complexes could lead to novel anticancer prodrugs.