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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
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The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:20

Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
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Spinal Cord: Information Processing01:10

Spinal Cord: Information Processing

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The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
Sensory Information Processing
Sensory information processing begins at the sensory receptors located in the skin and other tissues, which detect somatic sensory stimuli such as touch, temperature, or pain. These receptors function as catalysts, initiating...
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Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Retrograde Neuroanatomical Tracing of Phrenic Motor Neurons in Mice
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Retrograde Neuroanatomical Tracing of Phrenic Motor Neurons in Mice

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Perineuronal Net Changes Reveal a Distinct Right and Left Spinal Phrenic Circuit.

Judith Sánchez-Ventura1, Kayla Anne Schardien2,3, Tara Fortino2,3,4,5,6

  • 1Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain.

Journal of Neurotrauma
|May 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs breathing. This study found that right-sided cervical lesions increase perineuronal nets (PNNs) around phrenic motoneurons, indicating greater neuroplasticity is needed for respiratory recovery after right-sided injury.

Keywords:
interneuronsperineuronal netsphrenic motoneuronsplasticityspinal cord injury

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A Murine Model of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury to Study Post-lesional Respiratory Neuroplasticity
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A Murine Model of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury to Study Post-lesional Respiratory Neuroplasticity

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Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons
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Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons

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A Murine Model of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury to Study Post-lesional Respiratory Neuroplasticity
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Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons
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Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons

Published on: May 25, 2015

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Respiratory Physiology
  • Spinal Cord Injury Research

Background:

  • Respiratory failure is a major complication of cervical spinal cord injury (SCI).
  • Limited spontaneous respiratory recovery occurs after SCI, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.
  • Understanding phrenic network neuroplasticity is crucial for improving SCI outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate structural plasticity in the left and right phrenic networks after C2 hemisection (C2Hx) in mice.
  • To analyze changes in perineuronal nets (PNNs) and their association with neuroplasticity following unilateral cervical SCI.
  • To elucidate the neuroanatomical adaptations of the phrenic motor system to respiratory trauma.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a pseudorabies virus, a trans-synaptic retrograde tracer, applied to the diaphragm muscle to label the entire phrenic motor network.
  • Analyzed perineuronal net (PNN) distribution and glutamatergic synapses around phrenic motoneurons (PhMNs) and spinal interneurons in naïve and C2Hx mice.
  • Compared structural plasticity between the left and right phrenic networks following right C2 hemisection.

Main Results:

  • In naïve mice, PNNs were primarily located around phrenic motoneurons (PhMNs) in the ventral horn, not spinal interneurons.
  • Right C2 hemisection led to a significant increase in PNNs and glutamatergic synapses around ipsilateral PhMNs.
  • No significant changes in PNNs were observed in the left phrenic network after right C2Hx, revealing functional asymmetries.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals significant structural and functional asymmetries between the left and right phrenic networks.
  • Increased PNNs and synapses after right C2Hx suggest greater neuroplasticity is required to compensate for respiratory dysfunction.
  • Understanding these adaptive mechanisms is vital for developing targeted therapies to enhance respiratory recovery after SCI.