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Related Concept Videos

Pivot Bearings01:23

Pivot Bearings

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In mechanical systems, bearings are crucial in facilitating relative motion between two components while minimizing friction and wear. They help distribute various loads (radial, axial or a combination of both loads) across machinery parts, ensuring smooth and efficient operation.
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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
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Principle of Angular Impulse and Momentum: Problem Solving01:19

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Consider a ball of mass m, attached to a massless rod of known length, subjected to a time-dependent torque. If the initial velocity of the mass is known, then the final velocity of the mass for time t can be determined using the principle of angular impulse and momentum.
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Euler's Formula for Pin-Ended Columns01:21

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In structural engineering, the stability of columns under compressive axial loads is a critical consideration, described as buckling. A typical example involves a column PQ, which is pin-connected at both ends and subjected to a centric axial load F applied at one end, with a reaction force of F' = -F at the other end. Here, it is crucial to understand that when an applied load exceeds the critical load, buckling occurs as the system becomes unstable.
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Impact01:30

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Impact occurs when two bodies collide, leading to the application of impulsive forces between them. Analyzing impact mechanics involves considering two colliding particles moving along a line known as the line of impact, which passes through their centers and is perpendicular to the contact plane.
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Bearings: Problem Solving01:24

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Understanding the calculations and concepts related to double-collar bearings is essential for engineers and designers to optimize the performance of these components in various applications. By analyzing the bearing under different conditions, one can ensure that it can withstand the forces and moments experienced during operation. This knowledge enables better decision-making when designing and selecting bearings for specific purposes and configurations. Consider a double-collar bearing with...
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Related Experiment Video

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The pivot penalty in research.

Ryan Hill1,2, Yian Yin1,3,4,5, Carolyn Stein6,7

  • 1Center for Science of Science and Innovation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.

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Researchers face a significant "pivot penalty," where moving into new research areas drastically reduces impact. This pervasive challenge, growing over 50 years, affects scientific innovation and adaptation across all fields.

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Area of Science:

  • Interdisciplinary research
  • Innovation studies
  • Science and technology policy

Background:

  • Understanding how scientists and inventors shift research directions is limited.
  • Creative search theories suggest exploration benefits but moving beyond expertise is difficult.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a framework for quantifying research pivots.
  • To analyze the impact of research area shifts on scientific and patent outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a measurement framework to quantify the distance of research pivots.
  • Applied the framework to analyze millions of scientific papers and patents.

Main Results:

  • Identified a pervasive 'pivot penalty': greater distance from previous work leads to steeply declining impact.
  • The pivot penalty is nearly universal across science and patenting and has increased over five decades.
  • Larger pivots show weaker engagement with prior knowledge, lower publication success, and reduced market impact.

Conclusions:

  • The pivot penalty presents a significant adaptive challenge for researchers, organizations, and science policy.
  • Increasing difficulties in adapting to new opportunities and threats impact scientific and societal progress.
  • Findings highlight the need for strategies to mitigate the negative consequences of research pivots.