Synthesis methods, structure, and recent trends of ZIF-8-based materials in the biomedical field

Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) is a highly porous material with remarkable structural properties and high drug-loading capacity, and hence this material presents as an exceptional candidate for advanced drug delivery systems. Herein, we comprehensively review the recent developments in ZIF-8 synthesis techniques and critically discuss innovative approaches such as the use of green solvents and advanced methods such as microwave- and ultrasound-assisted syntheses. The multifunctional applications of ZIF-8-based biomaterials in biomedical engineering are critically explored with their pivotal roles in antibacterial and anticancer therapies, drug delivery systems, bone tissue engineering, and diagnostic platforms such as biosensing and bioimaging. The present review also clarifies some innovations of ZIF-8-based materials in pH-sensitive and glucose-responsive drug delivery systems and scaffolds for bone regeneration. Despite these promising advancements, we analyze critical concerns, such as the release of Zn(ii) ions, potential cytotoxicity, and biocompatibility challenges, which remain significant hurdles to the broader adoption of ZIF-8. Addressing these outlined challenges may be necessary in realizing the potential of ZIF-8 in biomedical applications.