Precision exosome engineering for neurological therapeutics: molecular mechanisms and targeted strategies

Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles which are essential for intercellular communication. They have shown great promise in the delivery of drugs into the brain. Recent developments in the use of exosomes to treat neurological conditions are reviewed in this article. Further, it also focuses on molecular and genetic changes that improve the therapeutic effectiveness of these exosomes. Receptor-specific targeting, stimulus-responsive exosomes, and hybrid nanovesicle systems are the three main approaches investigated for facilitating exosome transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) and other bioactive molecules have important roles in the brain, and it emphasizes their potential as biomarkers, therapeutic agents and modulators of disease pathogenesis. Additionally, it addresses how biomimetic and synthetic exosomes can enhance focused medication delivery to the brain. It also covers how these exosomes are involved in reducing systemic adverse effects while providing important information for next-generation neurotherapeutic strategies.