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Evaluating Artificial Intelligence-Based Writing Assistance Among Published Orthopaedic Studies: Detection and Trends

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is significantly involved in 16.7% of recent orthopaedic literature. This study establishes a threshold to interpret AI detection percentages and calls for ethical guidelines in AI-assisted scientific writing.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedic research
  • Scientific writing
  • Artificial Intelligence

Background:

  • The rise of artificial intelligence (AI), especially large language models (LLMs), prompts ethical considerations in scientific writing.
  • Interpreting AI detection percentages in orthopaedic literature requires clear statistical thresholds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify AI involvement in published orthopaedic manuscripts.
  • To establish a statistical threshold for interpreting AI detection percentages in scientific writing.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed 300 pre-AI-era manuscripts (published in 2000) for AI-generated content.
  • Assessed 3,374 post-ChatGPT orthopaedic manuscripts using ZeroGPT.
  • Calculated a 95% confidence interval to define a threshold for significant AI involvement (32.875%).

Main Results:

  • Pre-AI era manuscripts showed a mean AI detection of 10.84% ± 11.02%.
  • 16.7% of post-AI era orthopaedic manuscripts exceeded the 32.875% AI detection threshold.
  • Significant AI involvement varied by journal, from 5.6% to 38.3%.

Conclusions:

  • AI significantly impacts 16.7% of recently published orthopaedic literature.
  • This study provides the first evidence-based threshold for AI detection percentages.
  • Emphasizes the need for ethical AI use guidelines and improved detection tools in research.