Gut microbiota manipulation to mitigate the toxicities of environmental pollutants

The gut microbiome, commonly termed as a "super organ", plays a crucial role in the modulation of various biological functions associated with metabolism, endocrinology, immunology, and neurology. However, gut microbiome is extremely susceptible to the risks of environmental pollutants, which will drive gut microbial community to dysbiosis. Simultaneously, restoring healthy gut microbiome can protect the hosts from the health hazards of pollutants. It is increasingly verified that probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) are efficacious measures to manipulate and remediate gut microecosystem. Among various probiotic strains, lactic acid bacteria are the most extensively applied in toxicity mitigation, which is characterized by shaping gut microbiota structure and metabolism, increasing gut epithelial barrier integrity, promoting fecal elimination of pollutants, suppressing inflammation symptoms, and then improving host systemic physiology. Prebiotics are dietary fibers that cannot be digested by the host, but can be fermented by specific gut bacteria to produce short chain fatty acids, which are identified as the key effect molecules in the manifestation of prebiotic toxicity mitigation actions. In addition, by transplanting the entire community of healthy gut microbiota, FMT also shows effective performances in counteracting the adverse effects of environmental pollutants and recovering host animal health. Intriguingly, FMT from young donors is even found to inhibit the toxic disturbances in healthy aging progression. Based on current evidence, this review summarized the findings about using probiotics, prebiotics, and FMT to manipulate gut microbiota and alleviate the health impairment of environmental pollutants. Key mechanistic insights into the interactive behaviors were underlined. Furthermore, the challenges and future directions in harnessing gut microbiota manipulation as a novel therapeutic approach to mitigate pollutant-induced toxicities were postulated. This review is expected to advocate comprehensive scientific research and literally favor the application of health intervention strategies.