Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Quantification of Site-specific Protein Lysine Acetylation and Succinylation Stoichiometry Using Data-independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry
Published on: April 4, 2018
Identification and quantification of acetyl triethyl citrate metabolites: Insights from in vitro and in vivo analysis
Hyeri Jeon1, Daeho Kang2, Eun-Ah Park1
1Department of health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13135, Republic of Korea.
Abstract:
Acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC), a citric acid ester used as an alternative to phthalate plasticizers, has raised concerns due to reported hepatotoxicity, lipid metabolism disruption, and embryotoxicity. However, data on human metabolites remain limited. This study aimed to identify ATEC metabolites via in vitro and in vivo approaches and establish a method for urinary quantification. In vitro experiments using human liver microsomes (HLM) identified acetyl diethyl citrate (ADEC), triethyl citrate (TEC), and diethyl citrate (DEC). In contrast, human oral administration revealed ADEC, acetyl monoethyl citrate (AMEC), and DEC in urine. ADEC and DEC were synthesized and quantified as reference standards, confirming their biomarker potential. Following oral administration, 37 % of the ATEC dose was excreted in urine as ADEC and DEC within 48 h, indicating their role as major metabolites. These findings provide baseline data for assessing human exposure to ATEC and highlight the need for further investigation of AMEC.
Related Concept Videos
Qualitative Analysis
For instance, group IV...
EDTA: Indirect and Alkalimetric Titration
Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents
Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2 and HCO3− values are examined to...
One-Compartment Open Model: Urinary Excretion Data and Determination of k
Amino Acid Catabolism

