Development and performance evaluation of a novel, fully automated, high-throughput GAD65 autoantibody assay on the...

In clinics, diabetes is determined by blood glucose levels or by glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). However, to distinguish between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes (T1D and T2D) for adequate treatment, patients are tested for the presence of Type 1 diabetes-relevant autoantibodies in the second tier. Anti-GAD65 autoantibody is one of the main markers for T1D in both pediatric and adult T1D patients. If the anti-GAD65 autoantibody is detectable, the patients have type 1 diabetes and need to be treated with insulin. In the clinical routine diagnostics of type 1 diabetes, GAD65-serology is performed using a special assay architecture known as bridging ELISA. Adapting these assays onto automated ELISA systems has shown to be a constant challenge, so they can be hardly applied for high throughput testing in a routine clinical laboratory.

We developed the first fully automated, high-throughput GAD65 autoantibody fluorescence enzyme immunoassay based on the bridging immunoassay format on Phadia instrument platform, termed EliA GAD65 and compared its performance with the bridging ELISA from RSR™ (GADAb ELISA) and the fully automated MAGLUMI® GAD65 chemiluminescence assay (CLIA) from Snibe Diagnostics.

When tested for clinical performance, ROC Analysis of EliA GAD65 showed an Area under the curve (AUC) of 0.906 (95 % CI 0.864 to 0.949) compared to the AUC of 0.923 (95 % CI 0.884to 0.963) of GADAb ELISA with no significant difference between the two assays (p = 0.384). When adjusted to a specificity of 96 %, EliA GAD65 showed a sensitivity of 76 % (CI 95 % 66.4 % to 84.0 %) compared to a sensitivity of 74 % (95 % CI 64.6 % to 81.6 %) of GADAb ELISA. When the fully automated MAGLUMI® GAD65 CLIA was compared to GADAb ELISA, it showed a total agreement of 92.9 % (95 % CI 86.6 % to 96.4 %) with less positive samples detected in contrast to the total agreement of 100 % (95 % CI 96.7 % to 100 %) of EliA GAD65 to GADAb ELISA.

Fully automated EliA GAD65 assay displays similar clinical characteristics as the well-established bridging GADAb ELISA and a higher agreement with the GADAb ELISA than the automated MAGLUMI® GAD65 CLIA.