Genetics and Epigenetics of Alzheimer's Disease: Understanding Pathogenesis and Exploring Therapeutic Potential

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of individuals globally. Despite extensive research efforts, effective treatments for AD remain elusive. AD pathogenesis is driven by a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. However, challenges persist in AD genetic and epigenetic research, including the need for larger and more diverse cohorts, the integration of multi-omic data, and the development of advanced computational and experimental tools. A comprehensive understanding of these factors is crucial for the development of effective treatments and ultimately a cure for this debilitating condition. In this review, we summarize key regulatory pathways involved in AD pathogenesis, emphasizing genetic factors such as the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene and high-impact genetic mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PSEN1). We also explore significant epigenetic regulators, including DNA methylation, histone deacetylases (HDACs), and microRNAs (miRNAs), which modulate gene expression and contribute to disease progression. Furthermore, we discuss the interplay between genetic and epigenetic factors, highlighting their combined impact on β-amyloid deposition, tau pathology, neuroinflammation, and synaptic dysfunction. Finally, we examine the potential of epigenetic modifications as promising therapeutic targets for AD, due to their reversible nature, and propose future research directions to address current knowledge gaps. This review offers an updated perspective on AD genetics and epigenetics, providing insights into novel avenues for therapeutic intervention.