Application of tissue engineering approaches in osteoarthritis

This review article examines the application of tissue engineering approaches in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), a complex joint disease characterized by tissue crosstalk and inflammation. The article covers preclinical testing platforms, including long-term in vitro studies, ex vivo models with osteochondral explants, and in vivo animal studies. It highlights the advantages and limitations of these models in evaluating tissue-engineered constructs for OA repair and focusses on cartilage specific treatments and resurfacing. The review also explores focal damage approaches such as autologous cultured chondrocytes and Autologous Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis, which have shown improved patient outcomes. Additionally, it discusses natural and synthetic biomaterials used in cartilage repair, emphasizing the need for combining materials to enhance therapeutic efficacy. The importance of long-term studies in large animal models is underscored to develop effective strategies for cartilage repair. This minireview explores various approaches aimed at effectively addressing and repairing cartilage damage, covering preclinical testing platforms, cartilage resurfacing methods, and tissue engineering (TE) clinical trials. It also highlights challenges in developing future cartilage repair therapies.