Exploring monkeypox virus antibody levels: insights from human immunological research

Area of Science:

• Virology
• Immunology
• Public Health

Background:

• Monkeypox (mpox), a zoonotic disease caused by MPXV, has spread globally beyond its endemic regions.
• The WHO declared the mpox outbreak a public health emergency, increasing the need to understand population immunity.
• Smallpox vaccination is known to provide historical cross-protection against mpox.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current understanding of MPXV antibody levels in populations.
• To assess the protective efficacy of smallpox vaccination against mpox.
• To provide evidence-based guidance for public health policy and future research.

Main Methods:

• Conducted a narrative literature review of peer-reviewed studies from 1958 to 2025.
• Focused on research concerning MPXV antibodies and smallpox vaccination effects.
• Synthesized data on epidemiology, etiology, viral mechanisms, clinical characteristics, and vaccine applications.

Main Results:

• MPXV antibody levels correlate with population immunity, especially in those vaccinated against smallpox.
• Smallpox vaccination demonstrates a cross-protective effect against mpox.
• Variations in MPXV antibody levels exist across different populations.

Conclusions:

• Smallpox vaccination plays a significant role in mpox protection.
• Evidence supports the use of smallpox vaccination as a strategy for mpox prevention.
• Further research and policy recommendations are needed to strengthen mpox control efforts.