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Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion
Published on: November 10, 2023
Contemporary Review of the Current Status of Cardiothoracic Trainees and Early Career Surgeons
Justin A Robinson1, Anish Katta2, Rashed Mahboubi1
1Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
Abstract:
There have been profound shifts in the landscape of cardiothoracic surgery (CTS) training and practice in recent decades, influenced by evolving demographics, changing career aspirations among trainees, and emerging challenges in workforce diversity. This commentary synthesizes current literature and data to (1) explore changes in training paradigms, career trajectories, and the broader professional environment and (2) provide a comprehensive exploration of the factors shaping CTS training and early career experiences. Key themes include the impact of demographic trends, efforts to enhance diversity, adjustments in training programs-such as the extension of congenital heart surgery training to 2 years and the development of integrated CTS pathways-and initiatives to increase and sustain interest among aspiring cardiothoracic surgeon-scientists. By contextualizing these issues, this commentary provides insights into complexities and opportunities defining contemporary CTS practice.
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Description
Excess pleural fluid or air may accumulate in some respiratory disorders in the thoracic cavity. To treat pleural effusion, a physician conducts thoracentesis by carefully piercing the chest wall and entering...

