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Exploiting Brownian Motion of Plasmonic Nanoparticles Using Optical Printing Approach for on-Demand Physical

Jang-Kyun Kwak¹, Changgyun Moon², Seong-Gyun Im¹

¹School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-Si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|June 1, 2025

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This study introduces an on-demand optical printing method for creating hardware-based security primitives called physical unclonable functions (PUFs). The technique leverages nanoparticle randomness for secure, miniaturized electronic devices.

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Cybersecurity

Background:

Additive fabrication of physical unclonable functions (PUFs) is crucial for secure, miniaturized electronics.
Optical printing offers fabrication flexibility but faces challenges with nanoparticle Brownian motion.
Existing methods struggle with precise nanoparticle placement, limiting PUF applicability.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an on-demand fabrication method for additive physical unclonable functions (PUFs) using optical printing.
To exploit nanoparticle randomness inherent in optical printing for PUF generation.
To demonstrate the feasibility of optical printing for creating unique and secure hardware-based security primitives.

Main Methods:

Proposed an optical PUF utilizing a mesoscopic lattice pattern of optically printed gold nanoparticles.

Keywords:

Brownian motion gold nanoparticles optical printing physical unclonable functions

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Analyzed the physical features and multi-modal keys generated from these patterns for randomness.

Employed a ternary bit system and key integration approach for PUF capability assessment.

Main Results:

Demonstrated that optically printed nanoparticle patterns exhibit inherent randomness.
Confirmed the randomness of both physical features and generated multi-modal keys.
Showcased that a system with as few as 25 nanoparticles ensures PUF capability (information, complexity, uniqueness, encoding capacity).

Conclusions:

Optical printing can be adapted to fabricate on-demand PUFs by leveraging inherent randomness.
The proposed optical PUF demonstrates high security potential using a minimal number of nanoparticles.
Optical printing's versatility allows for broad substrate compatibility and tunable pattern dimensions for customized PUFs.