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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

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Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
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Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy SEEG With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
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Managing Refractory Epilepsy in a Resource-Limited Setting-Doing More With Less.

Ruta Yardi1, Kurupath Radhakrishnan2, Pauline Samia3

  • 1Geisinger Neuroscience Institute, Danville, PA, USA.

Epilepsy Currents
|June 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) management in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) requires cost-effective strategies. This review highlights rational polypharmacy, dietary therapies, and improved emergency care to enhance patient outcomes.

Keywords:
epilepsy surgeryketogenic dietlow resourceslow- and middle-income countriespolypharmacyrefractory epilepsy

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Global Health
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) disproportionately impacts low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).
  • Patients face significant challenges including high costs, limited surgical access, and a shortage of trained professionals.
  • Effective management of DRE in resource-constrained settings is a critical unmet need.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore a multifaceted approach for managing DRE in resource-constrained settings.
  • To identify cost-effective strategies for improving epilepsy care in LMIC.
  • To address the gaps in diagnosis, treatment, and professional training for DRE.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current management strategies for DRE in LMIC.
  • Analysis of cost-effective antiseizure medications (ASM) and dietary therapies.
  • Evaluation of emergency care enhancement and training program needs.

Main Results:

  • Rational polypharmacy with affordable ASMs is a key strategy.
  • Implementation of dietary therapies, such as the ketogenic diet, shows promise.
  • Cost-conscious presurgical evaluations and enhanced emergency care systems are crucial.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing DRE in LMIC requires a comprehensive approach combining medical, dietary, and systemic interventions.
  • Standardized protocols and training programs are essential for healthcare providers.
  • Improving DRE management can significantly reduce the burden of untreated seizures in LMIC.