Age-Related Changes in Tongue Strength and Endurance in Individuals With Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep-related breathing disorder often associated with various health complications. This study investigated the impact of age on tongue function in OSA patients.

Study involved 214 participants (48.14 ± 16.29 years) categorised by OSA status (185 non-OSA, 29 OSA) and age groups: young adults (18-39 years), middle-aged (40-59 years) and older adults (> 59 years). Tongue function measures included anterior and posterior maximum isometric pressure (MIP_ant, MIP_post) and anterior and posterior tongue endurance (End_ant, End_post) using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI).

Tongue function was higher in the OSA group compared to the non-OSA group. Significant differences were observed in middle-aged adults for MIP_ant (p = 0.018, Cohen's d = 0.60) and MIP_post (p = 0.003, Cohen's d = 0.90). Significant differences in tongue endurance were found in younger adults for End_post (p = 0.004, r = 0.35). Both groups experienced a decline in tongue function in individuals over 59 years, with the non-OSA group showing a significant age-related decline. However, no significant differences in tongue function across ages were found within the OSA group, but medium and large effects were indicated.

Age appears to influence tongue strength and endurance in both groups, with OSA patients showing slightly higher values overall. Our findings suggest that reduced tongue function may not be a primary factor in OSA pathophysiology. Further studies are warranted to explore the implications of tongue muscle function in OSA management and intervention strategies.