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Metastasis

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...

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Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone

Published on: September 9, 2020

Brain Metastases From Solid Cancers in 58 Dogs.

Samuel Okonji¹, Federica Rossi², Silvia Sabattini¹

¹Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.

Veterinary Medicine and Science

|June 2, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Brain metastases (BM) are poorly documented in dogs, with haemangiosarcoma and carcinoma being common primary tumors. Prognosis for dogs with BM is poor, regardless of cancer type or treatment.

Keywords:

canine cerebral haemangiosarcoma metastatic

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Modeling Brain Metastases Through Intracranial Injection and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Area of Science:

Veterinary oncology
Comparative oncology
Canine cancer research

Background:

Brain metastases (BM) represent a significant challenge in human medicine and are underreported in veterinary oncology.
Understanding the characteristics and outcomes of BM in dogs is crucial for improving diagnosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the clinical features, primary tumor types, imaging findings, treatments, and prognostic factors of brain metastases in dogs.
To document the incidence and impact of BM in a canine population.

Main Methods:

A multi-center retrospective study involving 58 dogs with histologically confirmed solid cancer and BM.
Data collected included clinicopathologic variables, BM characteristics via imaging or necropsy, and survival post-BM (SPBM).

Main Results:

Haemangiosarcoma (53.4%) and carcinoma (27.6%) were the most frequent primary tumors associated with BM.
BM were often synchronous (63.8%), symptomatic (79% with neurological deficits, primarily forebrain), and associated with a poor prognosis.
Median SPBM was 3 days, with 3- and 6-month survival rates of 8.6% and 1.7%, respectively.

Conclusions:

Haemangiosarcoma and carcinoma are key contributors to BM in dogs, frequently presenting synchronously and symptomatically.
The prognosis for dogs with BM is extremely poor, with limited survival regardless of treatment interventions.
Further research into canine BM is warranted to explore potential therapeutic strategies and improve outcomes.