Three-dimensional cell culture models in respiratory virus research: technological advances and current applications

From the Spanish flu to the COVID-19 pandemic, respiratory viruses have inflicted significant damage on the global population. As research into these viruses progresses, so too does the methodology employed. Although traditional in vitro two-dimensional (2D) cell culture techniques and animal models have played crucial roles in our understanding of respiratory viruses and have made significant contributions to research on viral infection mechanisms, as well as the development of drugs and vaccines, they have limitations. Specifically, 2D cell culture models do not accurately simulate the in vivo micro-environment, and animal models may not share the same susceptibility and immune response as humans. Consequently, viral isolation and culture techniques are transitioning towards 3D cell culture technologies. Furthermore, the potential for multi-disciplinary collaborations using 3D cell culture opens new opportunities for personalized medicine. This review will explore the advancement and application of 3D cell culture in respiratory virus research, emphasising the most recent developments and trends in the field. By evaluating the current strengths and limitations of these technologies, we aim to provide insights that will inform future scientific exploration and clinical applications.