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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

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Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate.  The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

11.2K
In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
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Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

19.0K
Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
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Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction
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Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction

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Oxygen-modified Ru for efficient alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction.

Youpeng Cao1, Xingshuai Lv1, Jiao Yang1

  • 1Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Macao SAR, 999078, China. huipan@um.edu.mo.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|June 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Oxygen modification significantly enhances ruthenium catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The improved Ru/C-220 catalyst shows superior performance for water electrolysis, offering a cost-effective alternative to platinum.

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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Ruthenium (Ru) is a promising, affordable catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but its activity is often insufficient for practical water electrolysis.
  • Enhancing Ru-based catalysts is crucial for advancing efficient and cost-effective hydrogen production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an oxygen-modified ruthenium catalyst (Ru/C-220) with superior HER performance.
  • To investigate the role of oxygen modification in enhancing the catalytic activity of ruthenium.

Main Methods:

  • Air annealing of Ru/C catalyst to create Ru/C-220.
  • Electrochemical characterization including overpotential and Tafel slope measurements.
  • X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for surface analysis.
  • Underpotential-deposited hydrogen (Hupd) tests and density-functional-theory (DFT) calculations.
  • Anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) testing.

Main Results:

  • Ru/C-220 achieved an overpotential of 18 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² and a Tafel slope of 34.9 mV dec⁻¹.
  • Mass activity increased approximately five-fold compared to the unannealed catalyst.
  • XPS revealed higher lattice-O²⁻ and Ru⁴⁺ content in Ru/C-220.
  • DFT and Hupd tests confirmed optimized *H adsorption energy due to oxygen modification.
  • AEMWE tests demonstrated the practical application potential of the modified catalyst.

Conclusions:

  • Oxygen modification of ruthenium catalysts significantly boosts HER performance.
  • The enhanced activity is attributed to reduced and optimized hydrogen adsorption energy at Ru active sites.
  • The Ru/C-220 catalyst shows great promise for large-scale water electrolysis applications.