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Related Concept Videos

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant volume is called an isochoric process. According to the first law of thermodynamics, heat supplied or removed from the system is partially utilized to perform work and change the internal energy of the system. However, in an isochoric process, the volume remains constant. Hence, the work done by the system is zero. Therefore, the exchange of heat changes the internal energy of the system only. 
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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
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Suborbital- and millennial-scale monsoon variability during Pleistocene interglacials.

Youbin Sun1, Ting Wang1,2, Qiuzhen Yin3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Extreme climate events are intensifying with global warming. This study reveals abrupt climate changes amplified during past warm periods, driven by low-latitude insolation, impacting future hydroclimatic variability.

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East Asian monsoonLow-latitude insolation forcingPleistocene interglacialsSuborbital- and millennial-scale variability

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoclimatology
  • Climate modeling
  • Quaternary geology

Background:

  • Global warming is increasing extreme climate events.
  • Past abrupt climate changes during warm periods are poorly understood due to limited geological data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate abrupt climate changes during past warm periods using high-resolution geological records.
  • To understand the drivers of millennial-scale hydroclimatic variability.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a 512-m lacustrine sedimentary record from the Weihe Basin (North China) spanning the last 2 million years.
  • Grain-size analysis to reconstruct lake level fluctuations.
  • Proxy-model comparison integrating observational and modeling results.

Main Results:

  • Significant lake level fluctuations occurred on suborbital and millennial timescales over the last 2 Ma.
  • Magnitudes of rapid lake level fluctuations increased dramatically during Pleistocene interglacials.
  • Low-latitude bihemispheric summer insolation maxima intensified East Asian monsoon precipitation.

Conclusions:

  • Abrupt climate changes intensified during past warm periods, particularly during interglacials.
  • Low-latitude insolation is a key driver of millennial-scale hydroclimatic variability.
  • Findings highlight potential hydroclimatic shifts in a warming future.