Sustainable beekeeping: The impact of organic molecules on honey bee health and apiculture

Honey bees are essential pollinators of numerous crops, playing a vital role in global agricultural productivity and biodiversity preservation. Several biological stressors pose a threat to this pollinating insect. Among these, the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor is currently the most significant concern. Historically, mite management has predominantly relied on synthetic acaricides, which present multiple disadvantages, including resistance development and residual toxicity. As an alternative, eco-friendly products have aroused great interest over the years. The purpose of this review is to consolidate current knowledge on the toxicological mechanisms of organic acaricides, examine their sublethal effects on honey bees, identify existing knowledge gaps, and provide practical recommendations for beekeepers and policymakers. By assessing both the efficacy and safety of organic acaricides, this review seeks to promote sustainable and bee-friendly pest management strategies.