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Teeth

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The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing CBCT and Digital Dental Image Integration with AI-Assisted Digitization
05:49

Author Spotlight: Advancing CBCT and Digital Dental Image Integration with AI-Assisted Digitization

Published on: February 23, 2024

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Associations between odontogenic and sinus pathologies - a low-dose CBCT study.

Veli-Pekka Riekki1, Mika T Nevalainen2, Marianne Haapea3

  • 1Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. vp.riekki@fimnet.fi.

Acta Odontologica Scandinavica
|June 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Root contact with the maxillary sinus is the only dental finding linked to sinus pathology in low-dose CBCT scans. Other dental issues showed fewer associations than expected, suggesting more reliable assessments.

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Area of Science:

  • Dentistry and Oral Health
  • Radiology
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is crucial for evaluating maxillary sinus and odontogenic conditions.
  • Understanding associations between dental findings and sinus pathology aids diagnosis and treatment planning.
  • Low-dose CBCT offers a balance between image quality and radiation exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess maxillary sinus and odontogenic findings using low-dose CBCT.
  • To determine if specific dental conditions correlate with maxillary sinus pathologies.
  • To evaluate the reliability of these assessments.

Main Methods:

  • 212 low-dose CBCT scans were analyzed for odontogenic factors (periapical lesions, bone loss, root contact, restorations, caries) and sinus findings (mucosal thickening, cysts, opacification).
  • Statistical analyses included crosstabulations and generalized estimating equations.
  • Inter- and intra-observer reliability was assessed using kappa statistics.

Main Results:

  • Root contact to the maxillary sinus was the sole dental finding significantly associated with sinus pathology, increasing the risk for generalized mucosal thickening, retention cysts, and opacification/fluid levels.
  • Other evaluated dental parameters showed limited association with sinus pathology.
  • Observer reliability was substantial to almost perfect for most parameters, except for marginal bone loss.

Conclusions:

  • Root proximity to the maxillary sinus is a key indicator of potential sinus pathology.
  • The association between general dental findings and sinus pathology may be less pronounced than previously assumed.
  • Low-dose CBCT assessments for these conditions are generally reliable, supporting their clinical utility.