Microbial fuel cells powering robots and beyond; historical perspective and future directions

This position paper presents part of the history of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) development for practical applications. Studies that shaped the MFC concept in the 20th century are highlighted along with the first robotic developments involving MFCs. The paper also gives examples of real-world implementation, learnings from field trials and how these have contributed to the fundamental advancement of the technology. Given the status of global affairs and the significance of energy security, the paper also provides a perspective on the future of the technology and where it may offer a valuable utility.