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Differentiating goose eggshells through proteomics: A case study from Xitou, North China.

Binjie Qi1, Haifeng Dou2, Wei Liu2

  • 1Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

Journal of Proteomics
|June 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Paleoproteomics successfully identified ancient graylag goose eggshells from China, distinguishing them from swan geese using novel peptide markers. This provides molecular evidence for early goose domestication and cultural practices.

Keywords:
EggshellPaleoproteomicsStable isotopesXitou siteZooMS

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoproteomics
  • Zooarchaeology
  • Isotope analysis

Background:

  • Eggshells are culturally significant but difficult to identify to species level in archaeology.
  • Traditional methods and existing mass spectrometry techniques struggle to differentiate closely related species like Anser cygnoides and Anser anser.
  • Accurate eggshell identification is crucial for understanding past human-animal interactions and cultural practices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply novel paleoproteomic methods for distinguishing Anser cygnoides and Anser anser eggshells.
  • To identify the species of eggshell fragments from the Xitou archaeological site in China.
  • To investigate the domestication status and diet of geese associated with these eggshells.

Main Methods:

  • Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS) for proteotyping.
  • Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for peptide marker analysis.
  • Carbon isotope analysis and shell thickness measurements.

Main Results:

  • Novel peptide markers and amino acid variants were identified to reliably distinguish Anser cygnoides from Anser anser.
  • Three eggshell specimens from the Xitou site were identified as graylag goose (Anser anser).
  • Isotope analysis indicated a diet primarily of C3 plants, and shell thickness suggested possible domestication.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first direct molecular evidence of possibly domesticated graylag geese in China.
  • The findings offer new insights into poultry domestication, ancient farming practices, and the cultural significance of geese in China.
  • The developed proteomic approach enhances the identification capabilities for archaeological eggshell fragments.