Representation of Facial Differences in Animated Films

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and narrative portrayal of facial differences in animated films. We hypothesized that characters with facial differences are underrepresented and predominantly depicted in negative roles, reinforcing harmful stereotypes and social stigmas.

A systematic analysis was conducted on the top 50 highest-grossing animated films worldwide from 1994 to 2023. The 10 most prominent characters per film (n = 500) were evaluated for visible facial differences using the modified González-Ulloa facial subunit schema. Characters with facial differences were analyzed for narrative roles (eg, protagonist, antagonist), causes of differences (eg, congenital, acquired), and related outcomes, including visual and verbal references to their differences.

Of the 500 characters analyzed, 1.8% (n = 9) exhibited visible facial differences. None were the main protagonists, whereas 44.4% (n = 4) were antagonists. Most facial differences (77.8%, n = 7) were acquired, primarily through violent encounters (71.4%, n = 5). Male characters accounted for 77.8% (n = 7), and most were nonhuman (88.9%, n = 8). The orbital (77.8%) and labial (55.6%) subunits were most frequently affected. Among characters with 20% or more facial subunits involved, 80% were antagonists, and 50% died on screen. Only one character positively referenced their facial difference.

Facial differences are underrepresented and often negatively portrayed in animated films, with no main protagonists. These portrayals may perpetuate stigma and harmful stereotypes. Advocacy and research are needed to promote inclusive representation in children's media, fostering empathy and acceptance in young audiences.