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Area of Science:

  • Medical research
  • Media studies
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Facial differences are common and can impact social interactions.
  • Media, particularly animated films, plays a significant role in shaping perceptions, especially in children.
  • Previous research suggests underrepresentation and negative stereotyping of marginalized groups in media.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the prevalence of characters with facial differences in animated films.
  • To analyze the narrative roles and characteristics of these characters.
  • To understand the potential impact of these portrayals on social stigma.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic analysis of 500 prominent characters from the top 50 highest-grossing animated films (1994-2023).
  • Evaluation of visible facial differences using a modified González-Ulloa facial subunit schema.
  • Analysis of narrative roles (protagonist/antagonist), causes of differences, and on-screen references.

Main Results:

  • Only 1.8% of characters had visible facial differences, with none as protagonists and 44.4% as antagonists.
  • Most differences were acquired (77.8%) through violence (71.4%), predominantly affecting male (77.8%) and nonhuman (88.9%) characters.
  • Characters with extensive facial differences were often antagonists (80%), died on screen (50%), and rarely had positive references (1 character).

Conclusions:

  • Animated films underrepresent and negatively portray characters with facial differences, perpetuating stigma.
  • The lack of positive representation and frequent association with villainy can reinforce harmful stereotypes.
  • Promoting inclusive media representation is crucial for fostering empathy and acceptance among young audiences.