Vernix caseosa peritonitis presenting as a soft tissue mass

Vernix caseosa peritonitis (VCP) is a rare condition characterised by non-necrotising granulomatous inflammation within the peritoneal cavity following childbirth. Its presentation is typically with acute abdominal pain and fever following caesarean section (CS), and management involves broad-spectrum antibiotics and surgical intervention. Conservative management is rare.We report two cases of VCP, which presented with abdominal masses 4 weeks following elective CS. CT scan demonstrated a soft tissue mass with diffuse peritoneal thickening, suspicious for an atypical infection or malignancy. Biopsy revealed non-necrotising granulomatous inflammation consistent with VCP. Both patients were managed conservatively and experienced a full recovery.In spite of increasing CS rates, VCP remains a rarely reported complication which may be underdiagnosed. It should be considered in patients presenting with abdominal pain beyond the usual timeframe for infection, with careful examination to detect any soft tissue masses. Conservative management, with biopsy for histological diagnosis, may be a safe option for systemically well women in whom urgent surgical intervention is not indicated.