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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Transposons01:24

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Comparative Analysis of Transposable Element Evolution in Crustaceans.

Xiangjian Zeng1,2,3, Wenqi Zhao1,2,3, Nusrat Hasan Kanika1,2,3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shannghai, China.

Genome Biology and Evolution
|June 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Transposable elements (TEs) significantly impact crustacean genome evolution, driving diversity and size changes. Recent expansions and stage-specific expression suggest TEs may regulate key biological processes in crustaceans.

Keywords:
TEs expressioncrustacean genomesgenome structuretransposable elements

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are key drivers of genome evolution, influencing genetic diversity, genome size, and chromosomal structure.
  • Research on TE evolution in crustaceans is limited compared to model organisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the diversity and impact of TEs on crustacean genome structure and function.
  • To investigate the evolutionary dynamics and potential regulatory roles of TEs in crustaceans.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics analysis of TE content across various crustacean species.
  • Sequence divergence analysis to infer TE expansion history.
  • Phylogenetic signal and chronological analyses of TE subfamilies.
  • Gene expression analysis of TEs during molting stages in selected species.

Main Results:

  • TE content varies significantly among crustacean species (16.19% in Daphnia pulex to 63.36% in Procambarus clarkii).
  • Higher TE proportions correlate with larger genome sizes, suggesting a role in genome expansion.
  • Evidence for at least two major TE expansion periods, with recent activity indicated by low divergence rates.
  • Distinct evolutionary dynamics observed among TE types (TIR, LTR, SINE), with LTR and SINE elements showing consistent expansion.
  • Molt stage-specific expression of TEs in Eriocheir sinensis and Penaeus vannamei suggests a role in regulating molting.

Conclusions:

  • TEs are significant contributors to crustacean genome evolution, impacting genome size and diversity.
  • Crustacean genomes have undergone multiple TE expansion events, with ongoing activity.
  • TEs may play regulatory roles in crustacean biological processes, such as molting.