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Related Concept Videos

Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

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The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
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Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

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Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
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The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane01:41

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The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
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Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

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Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Use of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance in Biological Samples at Ambient Temperature and 77 K
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Use of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance in Biological Samples at Ambient Temperature and 77 K

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Combating Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) with Antioxidant Supramolecular Polymers.

Penelope E Jankoski1, Zacchaeus M Wallace1, Loria R DiMartino1

  • 1School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|June 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed macromolecular antioxidants by attaching glutathione to peptide amphiphiles. These novel nanofibers effectively neutralize harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protect cells from oxidative damage.

Keywords:
antioxidantoxidative stresspeptide amphiphilesreactive oxygen speciestissue regeneration

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in major injuries and diseases.
  • Conventional small-molecule antioxidants show limited clinical success.
  • A novel macromolecular approach is needed to combat extracellular ROS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a macromolecular antioxidant strategy using glutathione tethered to peptide amphiphiles.
  • To assess the efficacy of these antioxidant nanofibers in neutralizing extracellular ROS and protecting cells.
  • To demonstrate the potential of this approach for therapeutic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesizing peptide amphiphiles functionalized with glutathione.
  • Creating supramolecular polymers (nanofibers) from these peptide amphiphiles.
  • Evaluating antioxidant activity and cellular protection against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP)-induced oxidative stress.

Main Results:

  • Glutathione-tethered nanofibers effectively consumed extracellular radicals.
  • The antioxidant nanofibers demonstrated significant cell rescue at lower concentrations than molecular glutathione.
  • Antioxidant functionality was maintained in the gelled state.

Conclusions:

  • Macromolecular antioxidants based on peptide amphiphiles offer a promising strategy against extracellular ROS.
  • This approach enhances antioxidant efficacy through localized and concentrated delivery.
  • These antioxidant supramolecular polymers show potential as regenerative scaffolds for treating ROS-associated conditions.