Engineering organoids for dental pulp tissue regeneration and functional reconstruction

Organoids, which replicate the three-dimensional architecture and physiological functions of native organs, have emerged as a groundbreaking tool with significant therapeutic potential for tissue regeneration and functional reconstruction. Despite their broad applications in various fields, research on dental pulp organoids and their use in regenerative therapies remains in its early stages, presenting both opportunities and challenges. To advance the understanding of organoid technology and facilitate its translation into pulp regenerative medicine, this review provided a comprehensive overview of organoids, encompassing their developmental history, self-organization mechanisms, fundamental definitions, and current applications. Building on this foundation, we highlighted recent progress in oral and maxillofacial organoid research, with a particular focus on the construction of dental pulp organoids. Additionally, we systematically summarized the commonly employed construction methods and explored innovative bioengineering strategies that hold promise for future applications. Finally, we critically evaluated the existing challenges in applying organoid technology to pulp tissue regeneration and functional reconstruction, while proposing potential solutions to overcome these barriers. This review aimed to provide valuable insights and inspire further research in this rapidly evolving field.