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Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Real-time Analysis of Gut-brain Neural Communication: Cortex wide Calcium Dynamics in Response to Intestinal Glucose Stimulation
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Published on: December 29, 2023

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Direct interoceptive input to the insular cortex shapes learned feeding behavior.

Zhe Zhao1, Binbin Xu2, Skylar Anthony1

  • 1Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|June 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered specific neurons in the insula (INSLepR) that sense body fat levels. These neurons help regulate feeding behavior and body weight by integrating internal state signals.

Keywords:
body weightcalcium imagingfeedinginsular cortexinteroceptionleptinoperant behavioroptogeneticstranscriptomics

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Metabolism
  • Physiology

Background:

  • The insular cortex (insula) is a key brain region for interoception, sensing internal bodily states.
  • The precise mechanisms by which the insula senses these internal states remain largely unknown.
  • Leptin is a hormone crucial for signaling adiposity (body fat levels).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize novel neuronal populations within the insula involved in interoception.
  • To investigate the role of leptin receptor-positive (INSLepR) neurons in regulating feeding behavior and body weight.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which the insula integrates internal state signals.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of a unique population of leptin receptor-positive cells (INSLepR neurons) in the insula.
  • Administration of leptin into the insula and optogenetic stimulation of INSLepR neurons.
  • Analysis of feeding behavior, neural activity, and transcriptomic changes in response to leptin and INSLepR neuron manipulation.

Main Results:

  • Intra-insula leptin administration and optogenetic stimulation of INSLepR neurons significantly impacted feeding behavior.
  • Activity of INSLepR neurons encoded feeding bouts in an internal-state dependent manner.
  • Leptin modulated insula neural dynamics and gene expression profiles related to feeding and adiposity signaling.

Conclusions:

  • INSLepR neurons in the insula directly sense internal states, particularly adiposity levels.
  • These neurons play a critical role in integrating interoceptive signals to regulate learned feeding behavior and body weight.
  • The findings support a model of direct interoceptive input to the insula via INSLepR cells.