Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

3.1K
Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction...
3.1K
Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

3.1K
The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the...
3.1K
Crown Ethers02:36

Crown Ethers

5.4K
Crown ethers are cyclic polyethers that contain multiple oxygen atoms, usually arranged in a regular pattern. The first crown ether was synthesized by Charles Pederson while working at DuPont in 1967. For this work, Pedersen was co-awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Crown ethers are named using the formula x-crown-y, where x is the total number of atoms in the ring and y is the number of ether oxygen atoms. The term 'crown' refers to the crown-like shape that these ether...
5.4K
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.4K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
2.4K
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

1.9K
The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
1.9K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.2K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

1,7-Dithienyl BODIPYs: do thienyls outperform phenyls?

Organic & biomolecular chemistry·2025
Same author

Merocyanines: Electronic Structure and Spectroscopy in Solutions, Solid State, and Gas Phase.

Chemical reviews·2024
Same author

Tetraanionic Oligo-Dioxaborines: Strongly Absorbing Near-Infrared Dyes.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2024
Same author

Highly Fluorescent Dianionic Polymethines with a 1,3,2-Dioxaborine Core.

The Journal of organic chemistry·2021
Same author

Influence of magnesium on the state of the cardiovascular system in children with chronic tonsilitis.

Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960)·2020
Same author

Crystallographic investigation of urine in newborn with renal disturbance due to asphyxia.

Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960)·2020

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Synthesis of Wavelength-shifting DNA Hybridization Probes by Using Photostable Cyanine Dyes
07:44

Synthesis of Wavelength-shifting DNA Hybridization Probes by Using Photostable Cyanine Dyes

Published on: July 6, 2016

11.3K

Asymmetric Ketocyanine Dyes with an Extended Polymethine Chain.

Sviatoslava O Melnychuk1,2, Sergii V Popov1, Serhii B Babii1

  • 1Spectrum Info LLC, 11 Myrnoho Panasa st., Office 2/28, Kyiv, 01011, Ukraine.

Chemistryopen
|June 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

New long-chain ketocyanines (KCYs) were synthesized and show tunable fluorescence extending into the near-infrared (NIR) region. These dyes can be further modified into cationic polymethine-styryl derivatives with red-shifted spectra.

Keywords:
absorption spectrafluorescenceketocyaninespolymethinessolvatochromism

More Related Videos

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
14:11

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

Published on: June 10, 2021

6.3K
Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
06:55

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

8.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Synthesis of Wavelength-shifting DNA Hybridization Probes by Using Photostable Cyanine Dyes
07:44

Synthesis of Wavelength-shifting DNA Hybridization Probes by Using Photostable Cyanine Dyes

Published on: July 6, 2016

11.3K
Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
14:11

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

Published on: June 10, 2021

6.3K
Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
06:55

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

8.0K

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Photophysics

Background:

  • Ketocyanine dyes are known for their optical properties.
  • Tuning dye properties is crucial for advanced applications.
  • Near-infrared (NIR) emitting fluorophores are of significant interest.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel long-chain ketocyanines (KCYs) with tailored properties.
  • To investigate the influence of structural modifications on spectral characteristics.
  • To explore the potential of these dyes in the near-infrared (NIR) region.

Main Methods:

  • Sequential condensation reactions for KCY synthesis.
  • Isolation and purification of synthesized dyes.
  • Spectroscopic analysis (absorption, fluorescence) and solvatochromism studies.
  • Chemical transformation into cationic polymethine-styryl derivatives.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of long-chain KCYs with good yields.
  • Observed positive solvatochromism, increasing with donor strength and vinylog number.
  • Efficient fluorescence with quantum yields up to 40% and large Stokes shifts.
  • Fluorescence emission extending into the NIR spectral region.
  • Conversion to cationic derivatives resulted in significant spectral red-shifts.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized asymmetric KCYs are versatile fluorophores with tunable NIR emission.
  • Structural modifications effectively control spectral properties and solvatochromism.
  • The developed KCYs and their derivatives hold promise for applications requiring NIR fluorescence.