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Updated: Jun 16, 2026
06:07
Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System
Published on: October 22, 2020
Smoking in primary headaches - a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bartłomiej Błaszczyk1, Helena Martynowicz2, Jakub Przegrałek3
1Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland. jannazwa@gmail.com.
The Journal of Headache and Pain
|June 4, 2025
Summary
Current cigarette smoking increases migraine risk but decreases tension-type headache risk. No link was found for cluster headaches, despite high smoking rates in patients.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Primary headaches include migraine, tension-type headache (TTH), and cluster headache (CH).
- Existing research on smoking and primary headaches presents conflicting findings.
- This study investigates the association between smoking and primary headaches.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the prevalence and association between smoking and primary headaches.
- To synthesize current evidence on smoking's impact on migraine, TTH, and CH.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review adhering to PRISMA 2020 guidelines.
- Searched PubMed and Scopus databases up to February 2025.
- Included 37 studies in a meta-analysis, assessing bias with the Joanna Briggs Institute tool.
Main Results:
- Current smoking linked to increased migraine risk (OR=1.29) and decreased TTH risk (OR=0.78).
- Prevalence of smoking was 20% in migraine, 19% in TTH, and 65% in CH.
- No significant association found between current smoking and cluster headaches or migraine with aura.
Conclusions:
- Current smoking is associated with higher migraine incidence and lower TTH incidence.
- Despite high prevalence, current smoking shows no association with cluster headaches.
- The impact of newer nicotine products like e-cigarettes on primary headaches remains unexamined.
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