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Related Concept Videos

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Designing Moderately-Solvating Electrolytes for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

David J Kautz1, Xia Cao1, Peiyuan Gao2

  • 1Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|June 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

New moderately solvating electrolytes (MSEs) double the cycle life of lithium-sulfur batteries by stabilizing electrodes and preventing polysulfide shuttling. This breakthrough enhances battery stability and longevity for practical applications.

Keywords:
cycle and calendar lifelithium‐sulfur batterymoderately solvating electrolytepolysulfideself‐discharge

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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • High-energy lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are hindered by electrode instability and polysulfide (PSs) shuttling.
  • Developing advanced electrolytes is crucial for overcoming these limitations and enabling large-scale LSB applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel electrolyte design principle for enhanced lithium-sulfur battery performance.
  • To create a well-balanced electrolyte system that improves cycle life and stability.

Main Methods:

  • Designed moderately solvating electrolytes (MSEs) using a multiple-solvent system (highly, weakly, and non-solvating solvents).
  • Investigated the passivation layer formation on Li metal and S electrodes.
  • Evaluated battery performance, including cycle life and calendar life.

Main Results:

  • The optimal MSE achieved 300 cycles, twice the performance of conventional electrolytes.
  • Demonstrated stable calendar life for at least seven months.
  • Observed formation of robust passivation layers on electrodes, enhancing structural integrity.

Conclusions:

  • The MSE design principle effectively suppresses parasitic side reactions and self-discharge.
  • This approach offers a versatile strategy for improving LSB stability and efficiency.
  • The findings provide a promising pathway for advancing battery technology beyond LSBs.