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Updated: Sep 19, 2025
A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia
Published on: August 18, 2015
Stroke Mortality Risk Factors: Global Trends and Regional Variations (1990-2021)
Dengpan Song1, Dingkang Xu2, Kaiyuan Zhang1
1Department of Neurosurgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China.
Insights
Stroke deaths are significantly influenced by risk factors like high blood pressure, particularly in low-income regions and among older men. Targeted prevention strategies are crucial for reducing global stroke mortality.
Area of Science:
- Global Health Epidemiology
- Cardiovascular Disease Research
- Public Health Policy
Background:
- Stroke represents a substantial global health burden with numerous contributing risk factors.
- Analysis of stroke mortality trends and risk factors is essential for effective public health interventions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze the risk factors associated with death from three primary stroke subtypes: ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage.
- To examine these risk factors using data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 database spanning from 1990 to 2021.
Main Methods:
- Examined risk factors for death across ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage.
- Utilized the Sociodemographic Index (SDI) to assess socioeconomic development's impact on disease burden.
- Calculated age-standardized death rates and estimated annual percentage changes to identify trends.
Main Results:
- In 2021, age-standardized death rates per 100,000 were 44.18 for ischemic stroke, 39.09 for intracerebral hemorrhage, and 4.18 for subarachnoid hemorrhage.
- Risk factors varied by region, age, and sex, with greater impact in low-SDI regions, among older individuals, and men.
- High systolic blood pressure is the leading risk factor; high BMI and air pollution show increasing death rates, especially in lower-SDI regions.
Conclusions:
- Future stroke mortality prevention should prioritize low-SDI regions, older populations, and men.
- Controlling high blood pressure and improving environmental factors like air pollution are key to reducing stroke burden.
Background:
Stroke is a major global health challenge, affected by many risk factors. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors for death induced by 3 primary stroke subtypes from 1990 to 2021 by using data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 database.
Methods:
We examine the risk factors for death induced by 3 stroke subtypes: ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. The sociodemographic index (SDI) measures the impact of socioeconomic development on disease burden. Age-standardized death rates and estimated annual percentage changes were calculated to analyze trends.
Results:
In 2021, the global mortality rates of ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage were substantial, with age-standardized death rates of 44.18, 39.09, and 4.18 per 100 000 people, respectively. The risk factors for stroke-induced death varied on the basis of region, age, and sex, with stronger impacts observed in low-SDI regions, among older individuals, and among men. Although most of the observed risk factors are decreasing globally, this trend is more pronounced in high-SDI regions. Notably, household air pollution from solid fuels remains a significant issue in low-SDI regions. High systolic blood pressure is the strongest risk factor for all stroke types, with the burden increasing rapidly among older adults. High body mass index and ambient particulate matter pollution are exhibiting increasing age-standardized death rates, particularly in middle- and low-SDI regions.
Conclusions:
In the future, preventive measures against stroke-induced mortality should focus on low-SDI regions, older individuals, and men. Controlling high blood pressure and improving the environment will greatly reduce the burden of stroke.
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