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Updated: Jun 12, 2025

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Artificial intelligence in ophthalmology: Progress, challenges, and ethical implications.

Maria Cristina Savastano1, Clara Rizzo2, Claudia Fossataro3

  • 1Ophthalmology Unit, "Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS", Rome, Italy; Catholic University "Sacro Cuore,", Rome, Italy.

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Artificial intelligence (AI) offers significant benefits for ophthalmology, but regulatory, ethical, and technical challenges like bias and data privacy must be overcome for safe implementation.

Keywords:
AI ethical considerationsArtificial intelligence in ophthalmologyBlack-box problemData privacyLiabilityPatient safetyTrustworthy AI

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Healthcare Technology

Background:

  • Artificial intelligence (AI) integration in ophthalmology promises enhanced diagnostics, optimized workflows, and improved patient care.
  • Significant regulatory, ethical, and technical hurdles impede widespread AI adoption in eye care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the key regulatory and ethical concerns surrounding AI in ophthalmology.
  • To highlight strategies for the responsible and trustworthy integration of AI into ophthalmic practice.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on AI applications in ophthalmology.
  • Analysis of regulatory, ethical, and technical challenges.
  • Identification of strategies for responsible AI implementation.

Main Results:

  • AI adoption faces challenges including bias, transparency issues (black-box problem), data privacy risks, AI-generated inaccuracies ('hallucinations'), and cybersecurity threats.
  • Despite challenges, AI shows potential in improving access to care, exemplified by AI-assisted diabetic retinopathy screening.
  • Financial and infrastructural barriers hinder widespread adoption, necessitating stakeholder collaboration.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing bias, ensuring transparency, and safeguarding data are crucial for ethical AI deployment in ophthalmology.
  • Collaborative efforts among regulators, providers, developers, and policymakers are essential to establish guidelines for trustworthy AI.
  • Responsible AI integration can significantly advance ophthalmic diagnostics, patient care, and accessibility.