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Race-Performance Parameters Differentiating World-Best From National-Level Swimmers: A Race Video Analysis and

Giovanni L Postiglione¹, Shaun Abbott¹, Phillip Newman²

¹Discipline of Exercise & Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

|June 5, 2025

Summary

Midrace velocity in the 100-m freestyle is key to differentiating elite swimmers. Maintaining high speeds between 65-75 meters is crucial for achieving world-class performance levels.

Keywords:

freestyle performance analysis profiling random forest swimming

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Area of Science:

Sports Science
Biomechanics
Performance Analysis

Background:

Elite swimming performance hinges on anthropometric, physiological, biomechanical, and technical elements.
Distinguishing world-class swimmers in the 100-m freestyle from elite counterparts requires deeper analysis of race dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

To pinpoint specific race-performance factors that differentiate world-class swimmers in the 100-m freestyle.
Identify key performance indicators for elite male swimmers in the 100-m freestyle event.

Main Methods:

Analysis of 204 male swimmers (world-best to national-level) from 2019-2024 using high-definition video and race-analysis software.
Extracted metrics included stroke rate, stroke length, turn efficiency, underwater phase duration, and velocity at 5-m intervals.
A machine-learning random forest algorithm classified swimmers into performance categories based on proximity to the world record.

Main Results:

A predictive model achieved 89.5% classification accuracy.
Swim velocities during the 65- to 70-m and 70- to 75-m segments were the most significant differentiators of performance levels.
Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) analysis highlighted the importance of midrace velocities for performance differentiation.

Conclusions:

The integration of race analysis and machine learning offers a powerful tool for coaches and sport scientists.
Enables targeted interventions to enhance the performance of high-level 100-m freestyle male swimmers.
Midrace velocity maintenance is a critical factor for achieving world-class status in the 100-m freestyle.