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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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T Cell Responses During Dengue Infection.

Luciana Barros de Arruda1, Ernesto T A Marques2,3

  • 1Laboratório de Genética e Imunologia das Infecções Virais, Depto de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. arruda@micro.ufrj.br.

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
|June 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Understanding T cell immunity is crucial for dengue virus (DENV) infection. This chapter explores T cell responses, their role in protection and disease, and implications for vaccine development.

Keywords:
CD4+ T cellsCD8 + T cellsEpitopesFollicular helper TfhInflammationOriginal antigenic sin (OAS)

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Dengue virus (DENV) infection involves four serotypes, complicating immune response understanding.
  • While antibodies are studied, T cell immunity also plays a role in DENV resolution, memory, and potentially immunopathology.
  • Subsequent infections with different DENV serotypes increase severe disease risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review T cell-specific DENV epitopes and the activated T cell repertoire.
  • To discuss the role of distinct T cell subtypes in protection, memory, and immunopathology.
  • To highlight the importance of T cell-mediated immunity in dengue pathogenesis and vaccine development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of findings on T cell-specific DENV epitopes.
  • Analysis of the activated T cell repertoire in dengue.
  • Discussion of distinct T cell subtypes and their functions.

Main Results:

  • T cell immunity contributes to infection resolution and long-term memory.
  • Altered T cell responses can exacerbate dengue disease severity.
  • Specific T cell responses are linked to protection and memory.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding T cell mechanisms is vital for dengue pathogenesis research.
  • Identifying T cell markers is critical for dengue vaccine efficacy assessment.
  • T cell-mediated immunity must be considered in dengue immunization strategies.