Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Neural Control of Respiration01:18

Neural Control of Respiration

2.3K
The neural regulation of respiration is a meticulously coordinated process primarily controlled by the respiratory centers located within the brainstem. These centers, composed of specialized neurons, transmit nerve impulses that control the contraction and relaxation of our respiratory muscles.
Respiratory Centers in the Brainstem
Two primary areas comprise the respiratory center: the medullary respiratory center in the medulla oblongata and the pontine respiratory group in the pons. The...
2.3K
Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration01:22

Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration

586
The neurogenic control of respiration coordinates various neural networks and pathways to regulate breathing rate and depth, meeting the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange requirements. This system adapts to physiological and environmental conditions, ensuring optimal breathing patterns.
Central Control
The brainstem is the primary site of central control, hosting respiratory centers:
586
Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

2.0K
Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
2.0K
Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:17

Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

783
Breathing is primarily an involuntary activity regulated by the brainstem respiratory centers. However, it can also be consciously controlled, allowing us to hold our breath or take deeper breaths when needed. This voluntary control is facilitated by the cerebral motor cortex, which bypasses the medullary centers to stimulate the respiratory muscles directly.
However, the ability to hold one's breath voluntarily is not limitless. When the CO2 concentration in the blood reaches a critical...
783
Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:31

Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

1.0K
Chemical factors such as changing CO2, O2, and H+ levels in arterial blood play a critical role in influencing respiration depth and rates. These variations are detected by chemoreceptors—specialized sensors located in two primary body areas. Central chemoreceptors are found throughout the brain stem, including the ventrolateral medulla, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.
CO2 has a potent influence on respiration and is strictly regulated....
1.0K
Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants

1.3K

Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating...
1.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Unlabeled kratom alkaloids detected in products marketed as kava.

Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)·2026
Same author

UV-B and far-red light shape morphological and phytochemical responses in kratom.

Frontiers in plant science·2026
Same author

Short- and Long-Acting Psychedelics: Structure-Activity Relationships, Pharmacology, and Implications for Neuropsychiatric Therapeutics.

ACS chemical neuroscience·2026
Same author

Comparative analysis of monoterpene indole alkaloid composition and genotypic variation in Thai <i>Mitragyna speciosa</i>.

Frontiers in plant science·2026
Same author

Dose and age matter: Xylazine prevents age-dependent fentanyl lethality in rats.

Drug and alcohol dependence·2026
Same author

Cannabinoids for Dermatological Applications: Mechanistic Insights, Clinical Evidence, and Emerging Nanotechnology-Enabled Delivery Strategies.

Pharmaceutics·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2025

A Method of Nodose Ganglia Injection in Sprague-Dawley Rat
09:28

A Method of Nodose Ganglia Injection in Sprague-Dawley Rat

Published on: November 25, 2014

18.8K

Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine: Bidirectional Effects on Breathing in Rats.

Julio D Zuarth Gonzalez1, Alexandria K Ragsdale1, Sushobhan Mukhopadhyay2

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|June 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

7-hydroxymitragynine (7-HMG) in kratom causes respiratory depression reversible by naloxone, similar to opioids. Mitragynine (MG) from kratom, however, stimulates breathing through non-opioid pathways.

Keywords:
7-hydroxymitragyineKratommitragynineopioid overdoserespiratory depression

More Related Videos

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation BreEStim for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity
11:34

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation BreEStim for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity

Published on: January 10, 2013

23.1K
Experimental Approach to Examine Leptin Signaling in the Carotid Bodies and its Effects on Control of Breathing
05:45

Experimental Approach to Examine Leptin Signaling in the Carotid Bodies and its Effects on Control of Breathing

Published on: October 25, 2019

5.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 14, 2025

A Method of Nodose Ganglia Injection in Sprague-Dawley Rat
09:28

A Method of Nodose Ganglia Injection in Sprague-Dawley Rat

Published on: November 25, 2014

18.8K
Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation BreEStim for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity
11:34

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation BreEStim for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity

Published on: January 10, 2013

23.1K
Experimental Approach to Examine Leptin Signaling in the Carotid Bodies and its Effects on Control of Breathing
05:45

Experimental Approach to Examine Leptin Signaling in the Carotid Bodies and its Effects on Control of Breathing

Published on: October 25, 2019

5.9K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Respiratory Physiology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Kratom use is rising for pain and opioid withdrawal, with products often containing 7-hydroxymitragynine (7-HMG).
  • Understanding the respiratory effects of kratom alkaloids, 7-HMG and mitragynine (MG), and naloxone's potential to reverse them is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the respiratory depressant effects of 7-HMG and MG.
  • To determine if naloxone can reverse the respiratory effects of these kratom alkaloids.

Main Methods:

  • Respiratory parameters were measured in rats using whole-body plethysmography.
  • Drugs including morphine, 7-HMG, and MG were administered intravenously.

Main Results:

  • Morphine and 7-HMG significantly depressed respiration (reduced frequency, tidal, and minute volume).
  • MG unexpectedly increased respiratory frequency.
  • Naloxone reversed morphine and 7-HMG respiratory depression but not MG's stimulant effect.

Conclusions:

  • 7-HMG causes opioid-like respiratory depression antagonized by naloxone.
  • MG exhibits respiratory stimulant effects via non-opioid mechanisms.
  • Kratom products high in 7-HMG pose risks, while MG may have a safer respiratory profile.