Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Michaelis-Menten Equation

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Michaelis-Menten Equation

The Michaelis–Menten equation is a fundamental model for describing capacity-limited kinetics in drug metabolism. It offers insights into the rate of decline of plasma drug concentration Cp over time, with Vmax and KM as pivotal parameters.
Vmax represents the maximum achievable process rate, while KM, known as the Michaelis constant, signifies the drug concentration at which the process rate reaches half its maximum. This relationship between Vmax, KM, and Cp gives rise to three distinct...

Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics

Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics

Enzyme kinetics studies the rates of biochemical reactions. Scientists monitor the reaction rates for a particular enzymatic reaction at various substrate concentrations. Additional trials with inhibitors or other molecules that affect the reaction rate may also be performed.
The experimenter can then plot the initial reaction rate or velocity (Vo) of a given trial against the substrate concentration ([S]) to obtain a graph of the reaction properties. For many enzymatic reactions involving a...

Determination of Michaelis Constant and Maximum Elimination Rate

Determination of Michaelis Constant and Maximum Elimination Rate

The Michaelis constant (KM) and the theoretical maximum process rate (Vmax) are vital parameters in the Michaelis-Menten equation, central to many biochemical reactions. They provide essential insights into enzyme kinetics and drug metabolism.
These parameters can be estimated by analyzing plasma concentration data post-drug administration. A notable example of this application is phenytoin, a drug with capacity-limited kinetics. It's recommended that phenytoin should be administered at two...

Enzyme Kinetics

Enzyme Kinetics

Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The speed at which the enzyme turns reactants into products is called the rate of reaction. Several factors impact the rate of reaction, including the number of available reactants. Enzyme kinetics is the study of how an enzyme changes the rate of a reaction.
Scientists typically study enzyme kinetics with a fixed amount of enzyme in the controlled environment of a test tube. When more reactant, or substrate, is...

Pharmacokinetic Models: Overview

Pharmacokinetic Models: Overview

Pharmacokinetic models utilize mathematical analysis to achieve a detailed quantitative understanding of a drug's life cycle within the body. They are instrumental in simulating a drug's pharmacokinetic parameters, predicting drug concentrations over time, optimizing dosage regimens, linking concentrations with pharmacologic activity, and estimating potential toxicity.
There are three primary types of models: empirical, compartment, and physiological. Empirical models, with minimal...

Parameters Affecting Nonlinear Elimination: Zero-Order Input, First-Order Absorption and Two-Compartment Model

Parameters Affecting Nonlinear Elimination: Zero-Order Input, First-Order Absorption and Two-Compartment Model

Drugs administered through various routes can lead to nonlinear elimination, resulting in complex pharmacokinetic behaviors crucial to understanding efficacious drug dosing.
When a drug is administered through a constant intravenous infusion and eliminated via nonlinear pharmacokinetics, it follows zero-order input. For example, oral drugs undergo first-order absorption upon administration and are eliminated through nonlinear pharmacokinetics.
In the case of subcutaneously administered drugs,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Unmasking complex kinetics in viral entry by inferring hypoexponential models.

Biophysical journal·2025

Same author

Influenza viral infection at the plasma membrane is restricted by lipid composition.

Journal of virology·2025

Same author

Structural prediction of chimeric immunogen candidates to elicit targeted antibodies against betacoronaviruses.

PLoS computational biology·2025

Same author

Single-Virus Microscopy of Biochemical Events in Viral Entry.

JACS Au·2025

Same author

A Collagen Triple Helix without the Super Helical Twist.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024

Same author

Friends and relatives: insight into conformational regulation from orthologues and evolutionary lineages using KIF and KIN.

Faraday discussions·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Method for Measurement of Viral Fusion Kinetics at the Single Particle Level

Method for Measurement of Viral Fusion Kinetics at the Single Particle Level

Published on: September 7, 2009

Unmasking complex kinetics in viral entry by inferring hypoexponential models.

Oyinkansola Adenekan¹, Peter M Kasson^1,2,3

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA 22903.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology

|June 6, 2025

Summary

Hypoexponential analysis reveals heterogeneous kinetic processes in viral entry. This method accurately estimates rate constants for SARS-CoV-2 entry, suggesting a mixed model of ACE2-accelerated and independent spike protein activation.

More Related Videos

Modeling The Lifecycle Of Ebola Virus Under Biosafety Level 2 Conditions With Virus-like Particles Containing Tetracistronic Minigenomes

Modeling The Lifecycle Of Ebola Virus Under Biosafety Level 2 Conditions With Virus-like Particles Containing Tetracistronic Minigenomes

Published on: September 27, 2014

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Published on: October 7, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Method for Measurement of Viral Fusion Kinetics at the Single Particle Level

Method for Measurement of Viral Fusion Kinetics at the Single Particle Level

Published on: September 7, 2009

Modeling The Lifecycle Of Ebola Virus Under Biosafety Level 2 Conditions With Virus-like Particles Containing Tetracistronic Minigenomes

Modeling The Lifecycle Of Ebola Virus Under Biosafety Level 2 Conditions With Virus-like Particles Containing Tetracistronic Minigenomes

Published on: September 27, 2014

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Published on: October 7, 2011

Area of Science:

Biophysics
Virology
Computational Biology

Background:

Single-event completion times offer insights into kinetic models but can be limited in determining complex reaction pathways.
Traditional methods like gamma distributions assume homogenous processes, which may not capture the full complexity of biological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce and validate hypoexponential analysis for estimating heterogeneous kinetic processes.
To apply this novel method to understand the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 entry.

Main Methods:

Development and application of hypoexponential analysis to model kinetic data.
Fitting kinetic parameters for single-event completion times, including those with rates differing by 2-3 orders of magnitude.
Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 entry kinetics using ACE2 receptor interaction data.

Main Results:

Hypoexponential fitting successfully estimated rate constants for heterogeneous kinetic processes.
ACE2 receptor binding was shown to reduce the number of rate-limiting steps in SARS-CoV-2 entry.
The rates of the kinetic processes themselves were not altered by ACE2 interaction.

Conclusions:

Hypoexponential analysis provides a robust method for detecting and quantifying heterogeneous kinetic processes.
SARS-CoV-2 entry is proposed to occur via a combination of ACE2-accelerated and ACE2-independent spike protein activation pathways.
This kinetic model highlights the importance of identifying complex reaction dynamics in viral entry mechanisms.