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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Rapid Fabrication of Custom Microfluidic Devices for Research and Educational Applications

Rapid Fabrication of Custom Microfluidic Devices for Research and Educational Applications

Published on: November 20, 2019

Microfabricated self-referencing pulstrodes.

Ayian Speck¹, Davide Migliorelli², Jeremy Disser²

¹Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva Quai E.-Ansermet 30 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland eric.bakker@unige.ch.

Sensors & Diagnostics

|June 6, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed printed electrochemical reference elements using inkjet printing for analyzing urine samples. Inkjet printing successfully quantified chloride and sodium, showing promise for integrated microfabricated sensing systems.

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Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Materials Science
Sensor Technology

Background:

Printed electronics offer low-cost, mass-producible solutions for electroanalytical sensors.
Developing reliable, printed electrochemical reference elements remains a challenge for analytical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate screen and inkjet printing for creating self-contained, all-solid-state reference elements.
To assess the feasibility of integrating these printed elements with various electroanalytical sensing principles.
To demonstrate the application of these elements for ion quantification in biological samples.

Main Methods:

Fabrication and characterization of screen-printed and inkjet-printed silver/silver iodide reference electrodes.
Utilizing a pulstrode protocol for self-generation of reference potential.
Application in potentiometric quantification of ions in filtered urine samples.

Main Results:

Screen printing was less successful due to low-purity silver ink.
Inkjet printing enabled quantification of chloride and sodium in urine with relative errors of 7.7% and 14.1%, respectively.
The pulstrode protocol with inkjet-printed electrodes showed potential for integrated sensing.

Conclusions:

Inkjet printing is a viable method for producing all-solid-state reference elements for electroanalytical sensors.
Further optimization, particularly using high-purity silver inks, is needed for long-term applications.
This technology presents a promising strategy for fully integrated, microfabricated sensing systems.