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Related Concept Videos

Standard Electrode Potentials03:02

Standard Electrode Potentials

On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
Interfacial Electrochemical Methods: Overview01:06

Interfacial Electrochemical Methods: Overview

Interfacial electrochemical methods focus on the phenomena occurring at the boundary between an electrode and a solution, as opposed to bulk methods that concentrate on the solution's overall properties. These interfacial methods are classified as either static or dynamic based on the presence of a nonzero current in the electrochemical cell and the consistency of analyte concentrations. Static methods, such as potentiometry, measure the cell's potential without any significant current passing...
EDTA: Conditional Formation Constant01:09

EDTA: Conditional Formation Constant

Each EDTA molecule has six binding sites: four carboxyl groups and two amino groups. The fully protonated form of EDTA is represented as H6Y2+. However, it can exist in different forms, H5Y+, H4Y, H3Y−, H2Y2−, and HY3−, depending on the pH of the solution. In very basic solutions with pH > 10.17, the fully deprotonated form, Y4−, is the predominant species that readily complexes with metal ions in a 1:1 ratio.
For the equilibrium reaction of the metal with the Y4− form of EDTA, the formation...
EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents01:26

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents

EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
Electrochemical Systems01:24

Electrochemical Systems

Electrochemical systems provide a fascinating insight into the dynamic interplay of charged species within various phases. One notable example is the interaction between a membrane permeable to K⁺ ions but not to Cl⁻ ions, separating an aqueous KCl solution from pure water. As K⁺ ions diffuse through the membrane, they generate net charges on each phase, leading to a potential difference between them.Similarly, when a piece of Zn is immersed in an aqueous ZnSO₄ solution, the Zn metal, composed...
The Electrical Double Layer01:30

The Electrical Double Layer

In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Reductive Electropolymerization of a Vinyl-containing Poly-pyridyl Complex on Glassy Carbon and Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide Electrodes
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Electrochromic Rutile with Dynamically Tailored Surfaces in Formaldehyde-Mediated Hydroxylamine Electrosynthesis.

Jiaqi Zhang1, Erbo Zhao1, Chou-Hung Hsueh1

  • 1Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a formaldehyde-mediated electrocatalytic method for sustainable hydroxylamine synthesis using titanium oxides. The novel approach achieves high selectivity and yield, offering a green alternative for chemical production.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction is key for sustainable hydroxylamine synthesis.
  • Selectivity challenges include over-reduction and hydrogen evolution.
  • Mechanistic understanding is crucial for catalyst design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate electrochemical hydroxylamine synthesis via a formaldehyde-mediated method on titanium oxides.
  • Understand the role of electrochromism and surface dynamics in selectivity control.
  • Develop a green and cost-effective hydroxylamine synthesis route.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a wet-chemical route to prepare an electrochromic rutile array.
  • Performed systematic mechanistic studies on titanium oxide surfaces.
  • Investigated formaldehyde-nitrate electro-reforming for co-production.

Main Results:

  • Achieved 92.6% Faradaic efficiency for formaldehyde oxime and high yield rates (2085 μmol cm-2 h-1).
  • Revealed electrochromism linked to protonation of Ob sites, Ov formation, and Ti3+.
  • Demonstrated co-production of hydrogen, formic acid, and hydroxylamine at low cell voltage (0.78 V).

Conclusions:

  • Formaldehyde acts as a capturing agent and stabilizer for hydroxylamine synthesis.
  • Dynamic titanium oxide surfaces are linked to catalytic performance and selectivity.
  • This formaldehyde-mediated method offers a promising green and cost-effective alternative for hydroxylamine production.