Processing of fermented black ginseng by highly efficient and safe LED process and its in vitro biological activities

Fermented black ginseng (FBG) is gaining attention for its enhanced pharmacological properties and health benefits. However, traditional processing of black ginseng (BG) can produce benzo(a)pyrene, a potential carcinogen. This study introduces a novel Light-Emitting Diode (LED) technique to produce benzo(a)pyrene-free FBG, ensuring both safety and efficacy. The LED system enables energy-efficient drying and optimized light conditions for fermentation, preserving bioactive compounds while preventing benzo(a)pyrene formation. A controlled fermentation environment was achieved by optimizing LED parameters and drying efficiency. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of FBG, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities, was evaluated against conventional BG and FBG. This study highlights LED technology as an innovative approach for producing high-quality, safe FBG with enhanced bioactivity including antioxidant, anti-lung cancer and anti-inflammatory activities, offering new possibilities for nutraceutical, functional food, and therapeutic applications.