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Expectation violation enhances short-term source memory.

Jiewei Zheng1, Jiahan Yu2, Mengjiao Xu1

  • 1Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|June 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Unexpected events enhance short-term source memory. Expectation violations strengthen memory for where information came from, suggesting an adaptive mechanism for processing novel environmental changes.

Keywords:
Expectation violationShort-term source amnesiaSource memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Short-term source amnesia indicates rapid forgetting of source information.
  • Memory encoding is highly selective.
  • The flexibility of this selective process is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if expectation violations affect short-term source amnesia.
  • To explore the impact of unexpected events on memory selection.

Main Methods:

  • Replication of short-term source amnesia.
  • Induction of various expectation violations across seven experiments.
  • Assessment of source memory performance following unexpected events.

Main Results:

  • Short-term source amnesia was significantly reduced by expectation violations.
  • This memory strengthening effect occurred rapidly, coinciding with unexpected events.
  • Source memory improved even for irrelevant unexpected events.

Conclusions:

  • Expectation violations strengthen short-term source memory encoding.
  • This suggests memory prioritizes detailed source information during unexpected events.
  • This may be an adaptive mechanism for handling environmental novelty.