Challenges and successes in promoting gender equality through physical education and sports: a systematic review

Physical education and sport can contribute to gender equality by supporting physical, mental, and social well-being. However, persistent challenges, including social norms, gender discrimination, and structural barriers, continue to limit progress in these areas.

This study used a systematic review methodology following the PRISMA protocol. A thematic analysis of 65 relevant studies was carried out to examine the progress and ongoing challenges in advancing gender equality through physical education and sports.

The analysis indicates that educational programmes, progressive policies, and innovative teaching methods have contributed to advancing gender equality, particularly through increased representation of female athletes and leaders, who serve as influential role models. However, these positive developments face challenges, including limited resources, educators' insufficient awareness of gender issues, and the short-term nature of many interventions.

The findings highlight the essential need for long-term systemic strategies aimed at amplifying educator awareness, fortifying women's leadership opportunities, and dismantling structural inequities. Future research must prioritize the development of culturally responsive interventions and an in-depth examination of varied socioeconomic contexts to forge more inclusive and sustainable pathways to achieving gender equality in physical education and sports.

The completed PRISMA checklist is provided as a supplementary file and is also available via the Figshare repository: https://figshare.com/s/a088d4ef6e3b26cfd987.