Environmentally friendly determination of sulfonamides in honey samples: Hydrophobic natural deep eutectic...

Hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvent-based microextraction (H-NADES-ME) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography UV-visible (HPLC-UV) was developed to determine two common sulfonamides; sulfadiazine (SDZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The analytes were pre-concentrated using DES to ensure eco-friendly extraction. H-NADES and HPLC-UV parameters were optimized, and robustness tests were performed. For SDZ and SMX, the detection limits were 13.7 ng/mL and 3.5 ng/mL; RSD% values were 1.5 and 9.1 and the linear dynamic ranges were 40-5000 ng/mL and 30-5000 ng/mL, respectively. Intraday and interday precision values (RSD%) were below 10 % for both analytes. Matrix-matched calibration was employed to ensure an accurate quantification in two different honey types from Artvin and Kırklareli, yielding recoveries between 90.1 % and 113.9 %. To assess the method's sustainability, greenness evaluation tools AGREE, ComplexMoGAPI, and BAGI were used. Overall, the proposed H-NADES-ME-HPLC-UV strategy offers a selective, reproducible, and sustainable alternative to routine sulfonamide analysis in food safety applications.